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Quenching (fluorescence)
Quenching refers to any process which decreases the fluorescence intensity of a given substance. A variety of processes can result in quenching, such as excited state reactions, energy transfer, complex-formation and collisional quenching. As a consequence, quenching is often heavily dependent on pressure and temperature. Molecular oxygen, iodide ions and acrylamide〔''Acrylamide and iodide fluorescence quenching as a structural probe of tryptophan microenvironment in bovine lens crystallins.'' Phillips SR, Wilson LJ, Borkman RF. Curr Eye Res. 1986 Aug;5(8):611-9.〕 are common chemical quenchers. The chloride ion is a well known quencher for quinine fluorescence.〔''Fluorescence experiments with quinine'' James E. O'Reilly J. Chem. Educ., 1975, 52 (9), p 610 〕〔''Photophysics in a disco: Luminescence quenching of quinine'' LouAnn Sacksteder , R. M. Ballew , Elizabeth A. Brown , J. N. Demas , D. Nesselrodt and B. A. DeGraff J. Chem. Educ., 1990, 67 (12), p 1065 〕〔''Halide (Cl-) Quenching of Quinine Sulfate Fluorescence: A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Experiment for Physical Chemistry'' Jonathan H. Gutow J. Chem. Educ., 2005, 82 (2), p 302 〕 Quenching poses a problem for non-instant spectroscopic methods, such as laser-induced fluorescence.
Quenching is made use of in optode sensors; for instance the quenching effect of oxygen on certain ruthenium complexes allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in solution. Quenching is the basis for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays.〔Peng, X., Draney, D.R., Volcheck, W.M., Quenched near-infrared fluorescent peptide substrate for HIV-1 protease assay, Proc. SPIE, 2006; (6097), ()〕〔Peng, X., Chen, H., Draney, D.R., Volcheck, W.M., A Non-fluorescent, Broad Range Quencher Dye for FRET Assays, Analytical Biochemistry, 2009; (Vol. 388), pp. 220–228. ( Download PDF )〕〔Osterman, H., The Next Step in Near Infrared Fluorescence: IRDye QC-1 Dark Quencher, 2009; Review Article. ( Download PDF )〕 Quenching and dequenching upon interaction with a specific molecular biological target is the basis for activatable optical contrast agents for molecular imaging.〔Blum G, Weimer RM, Edgington LE, Adams W, Bogyo M (2009) Comparative Assessment of Substrates and Activity Based Probes as Tools for Non-
Invasive Optical Imaging of Cysteine Protease Activity. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6374. . ( Download PDF )〕
== Quenching mechanisms ==
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